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Aura - Panel
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body<p><br /></p>

Large commercial and residential buildings must overcome various hurdles before implementing deep retrofits or capital projects that help achieve building decarbonization. In this section, we address technical barriers and questions often faced by building owners and retrofit project developers. 



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Aura - Tab
titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentTenant Equipment


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titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentTenant Equipment



UI Steps
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UI Step

Access to Occupied Spaces.


UI Step

Lease Concerns.


UI Step

Regulatory Limitations - Rent Stabilized Apartments

  1. The building owner is required to provide free heat and hot water.
  2. No mechanism to recover investment in new systems is necessary to achieve decarbonization.
  3. Buildings are capital constrained


UI Step

Split Incentives (tenants pays pay for energy).




Aura - Tab
titleInfrastructure


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titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipment
UI Steps
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Infrastructure



learn more
Aura - Panel
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UI Step
Con Edison Steam: assume district steam system will decarbonize","color":"#002d72","textAlign":"left","fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":26}},"base":{"backgroundColor":{"color":"#ffffff"},"borderRadius":{"radius":4},"boxShadow":{"shadows":[{"color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08)","x":0,"y":1,"blur":1,"spread":0},{"color":
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body<p><br /></p>
title

High temperature renewable resources are limited and face hurdles:

Barriers to Electrification:

expand
Section


1
Column
width33%
  • Deep Bore Geothermal
2
  • Renewable Hydrogen
3
  • Carbon Capture and Sequestration


4
  • Electric Boilers
6
  • High-temperature thermal storage
Column
width33%
  • Biomethane
5


7
  • Fission
Column
width
33%
  • Hight-temperature industrial heat pumps
8
  • Waste Heat Capture and Reuse
9
UI Step





Aura - Panel
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body<p><br /></p>

Utility Capacity Limitations:

1
Expand
title
Building Electric Capacity Upgrades


Column
width50%
  • Electric
Riser Capacity
  • riser capacity
  • Switchgear
Expansion
  • expansion
  • New
Service
  • service/
Vault Expansion
  • vault expansion/
Point
  • point-of-
Entry Space Constraints
  • entry space constraints


    • Space
Heat
    • heat and
Cooling
    • cooling
    • DHW
    • Cooking
    • Pumps and
Motors
    • motors
Column
width50%
  • Capacity competition with other electrification needs:
 
    Expand



    2
    Expand
    titleLocal Network Electric Capacity Upgrades
    • Excess Distribution Facility Charges (EDF)
    • Contributions in Aid of Construction (CIAC)


    3 SystemPeak
    Expand
    titleGas Utility Earnings Adjustment Mechanisms (EAM) focused on
    System Peak Demand Reductions
    • Partial Electrification concepts achieve deep decarbonization but do
    notnecessarily
    • not necessarily achieve peak gas demand reductions (
    debateable
    • debatable)


    4
    Expand
    titleTotal Connected Loads and Peak Demand drive need for capacity upgrades

    Demand

    capacityupgrades; demand

    reduction strategies do not obviate capacity

    limitationsunless

    limitations unless the utility accepts the solution as a permanent demand/

    loadreduction

    load reduction strategy.

    Section


    Column
    width33%
    • Battery Storage: 
      Expand
        • Fire
      Danger
        • danger
        • Space
      Constraints
        • constraints
        • Electricity distribution limitations
        • Structural loads


      Column
      width33%
    • Electri Distribution Limitations
    • Structural Loads
      • Building Automation/BMS/Demand Response:
       expand
        • Cost
        • Integration
      Limitations
        • limitations;
      blackbox
        • Blackbox software
        • Microgrid
      Development
        • development
          1. Cost
          2. Lack of
      Expertise
          1. expertise


      Column
      width33%
      • On-site Generation: 
      expand
        • Space
      Constraints
        • constraints
        • Gas
      Use
        • use;
      zero
        • Zero carbon fuels availability is non-existent
        • Structural
      Loads
        • loads
        • Pipe
      Infrastructure
        • infrastructure




      5
      Expand
      titleThermal Storage


      Section


      Column
      width50%
      • Space
      Constrains
      • constrains
      • Structural
      Loads
      • loads
      • Technology
      Limitations
      • limitations
      expand
        • Vacuum insulated storage tanks
        • Phase change material (DHW, space heating)




      6hightemperature andheating
      Expand
      titleGeothermal (ambient temperature), Deep Bore Geothermal (
      high temperature) or Shared Loop District Energy Systems provide cooling
      and heating with lower peak demand than standard electric equipment


      Section


      Column
      width25%
      • Building pipe riser limitations; need additional riser capacity:
       expand
        • Building water loops are typically “top down” - cooling capacity
      istypically
        • is typically located at rooftop mechanical penthouses; cooling
      towersat
        • towers at roof.
          1. Some exceptions to this rule
        • Space Constraints


      Column
      width25%
      • Drilling Difficulty:
       expand
        • Outdoor
      Space Constraints for Geothermal Wells
        • space constraints for geothermal wells
        • Difficult permitting
        • Mud and cuttings disposal
          1. Contaminated soil disposal
        • Overhead
      Clearance Constraints
        • clearance constraints for
      Drilling
        • drilling in
      Basements/Garages
        • basements/garages 


      Column
      width25%
      • Shared Loop/Thermal Utility Limitations: 
      expand
        • Requires entity that may operate in public ROWs and
      acrossproperty
        • across property lines
        • Utilities are limited by regulations for gas, steam or electric
      deliveryvs.
        • delivery versus shared loop media (ambient temperature water).
          1. Only utility entities can provide very long amortization periods
          2. Utilities are best suited to work amid crowded
      undergroundmunicipal
          1. underground municipal ROWs.


      expand
      Column
      width25%
      • Deep Bore Geothermal Limitations:
       
        • Requires test drilling and geological assessment
        • Seismic
      Risk
        • risk
        • Drilling equipment is very large - more akin to oil and
      gasdevelopment
        • gas development equipment
        • Subsurface land rights and DEC restrictions
      7




      attractiveeconomics
      Expand
      titleOther Energy Efficiency/Conservation Measures with proven/
      attractive economics (these measures are limited by lack of capital or knowledge)
      • Lighting with
      Lighting Controls
      • lighting controls
      • High-efficiency electrically commutated motors (ECM)
      • Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) on pumps and motors
    • Retrocommissioning Tasks and Maintenance
    • 8
      • Retro-commissioning tasks and maintenance


      Expand
      titleBehavioral Modification
      • Staggered
      Work Scheduling
      • work scheduling
      • Telework
      • Submetering and

      Billing
      • billing: potentially creates split incentive

      betweenlandlord
      • between landlord and tenant: 

      expand
        • Water
        • Electric
          1. Onerous regulatory compliance
        • Heat and Cooling
          1. Rent stabilized
      builidings
          1. buildings prohibit
      biling for heat
          1. billing for heat





      Aura - Tab
      titleFacade and Windows


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      titleFacade and Windows



      UI Steps
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      UI Step

      Work must be completed at the end of facade/window useful life; very long useful life


      UI Step

      Building code


      UI Step

      Glazing reduction at odds with aesthetic/marketability concerns


      UI Step

      Difficult installing with occupied spaces


      UI Step

      Reduce Local Law 11 recurring cost via overcladding

      • Aesthetic concerns
      • At odds with historic preservation
      • Capital intensive
      • Lot line limitations


      UI Step

      Technology Limitations

      • Need higher R-value/inch for thinner wall assembly:

        • Vacuum insulated panels

        • Aerogel panels/batts

        • Zero-GWP blowing agents for closed cell spray foam (nitrogen blowing agent needs to be more widely adopted)




      Aura - Tab
      titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentVentilation


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      titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentVentilation



      UI Steps
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      UI Step

      Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV)

      • Space constraints
      • System tie-in point accessibility/feasibility


      UI Step

      Rooftop Supply Air (Reznor) Unit Alternatives

      • Heat pump alternatives to eliminate resistance heat
      • Combine with ERV


      UI Step

      HVAC Load Reduction (HLR) Technology

      • Vent or capture exhaust gases
      • Space constraints
      • System tie-in point accessibility/feasibility


      UI Step

      Central vs. Decentralized Ventilation Systems


      UI Step

      Direct Outside Air System (DOAS)

      • Modular perimeter ducted air heat pumps: 

        • Competition for leasable space
        • Space constraints


      UI Step

      Ventilation Points-of-Entry

      • Aesthetic concerns
      • Lot line facades/building setbacks
      • Competition with leasable space
      • Space constraints




      Aura - Tab
      titleHeat Pump Limitations


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      titleHeat Pump Limitations



      UI Steps
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      UI Step

      Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

      • Fire and life safety concerns about volume of refrigerant gas located within occupied spaces.


      UI Step

      Regulatory risk from new refrigerant policies


      UI Step

      PTAC and VTAC


      UI Step

      Ducted Supply/Exhaust Air Source Heat Pumps


      UI Step

      Domestic Hot Water

      • Central DHW Systems: 

        • Limited domestic production
        • Performance not confirmed by independent third parties

        • More demonstration projects needed
      • Decentralized DHW Systems


      UI Step

      More open-source interconnection between devices/interoperability is needed to achieve energy distribution flexibility and capacity expansion:

      • Air source that has a manifold connection to interconnect with water source or refrigerant gas distribution
      • Interconnectivity/simplified heat exchange between refrigerants/water/air, etc.
      • Other options and add-ons




      Aura - Tab
      titleCrossover Device or “Magic Box” Technology and TenantEquipment


      Panel
      Decentralized Systems and TenantEquipment
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      titleBGColor#002D72
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      titleCrossover Device or “Magic Box” Technology



      Info

      Multi-purpose technology for heating, cooling, heat exchange and ventilation, filtration, and/or domestic hot water


      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Domestic production and supply chain is limited


      UI Step

      Small players operating in this space


      UI Step

      Technology is not tested over long operational periods

      • Daikin, Nilan, Zehnder, Drexel und Weiss, Minotair, Build Equinox, Clivet




      Aura - Tab
      titleZero Carbon Fuels Limitations


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      titleZero Carbon Fuel Limitations



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Green Hydrogen


      UI Step

      Renewable Natural Gas




      Aura - Tab
      titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentLow-Carbon Fuels


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      titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentLow-Carbon Fuels



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Biofuel


      UI Step

      Biomethane




      Aura - Tab
      titleRenewable Energy Procurement Limitations


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
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      titleRenewable Energy Procurement Limitations



      ui-steps
      sizesmall


      ui-step

      REC Purchasing

      • NYSERDA monopolizes REC purchasing from renewable energy projects




      Aura - Tab
      titlePending Carbon Trading Programs Limitations


      Panel
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      titlePending Carbon Trading Programs Limitations



      UI Steps
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      UI Step

      Deployment timeline is highly uncertain


      UI Step

      Price per ton of carbon is highly uncertain and will likely be volatile/low based on previous emissions trading scheme outcomes






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