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body<p><br /></p>

Large commercial and residential buildings must overcome various hurdles before implementing deep retrofits or capital projects that help achieve building decarbonization. In this section, we address technical barriers and questions often faced by building owners and retrofit project developers. 



Thermal Storage

  • Space Constrains
  • Structural Loads

    • Technology Limitations: 

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    Aura - Tab
    titleDecentralized Systems and TenantEquipmentTenant Equipment


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    titleDecentralized Systems and Tenant Equipment



    UI Steps
    size
    UI Steps
    sizesmall


    UI Step

    Access to Occupied Spaces.


    UI Step

    Lease Concerns.


    UI Step

    Regulatory Limitations - Rent Stabilized Apartments

    1. The building owner is required to provide free heat and hot water.
    2. No mechanism to recover investment in new systems is necessary to achieve decarbonization.
    3. Buildings are capital constrained


    UI Step

    Split Incentives (tenants pays pay for energy).




    Total Connected Loads and Peak Demand drive need for capacityupgrades; demand reduction strategies do not obviate capacity limitationsunless the utility accepts the solution as a permanent demand/loadreduction strategy.

    Battery Storage: 

    Aura - Tab
    titleInfrastructure


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    titleInfrastructure



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    body<p><br /></p>

    High temperature renewable resources are limited and face hurdles:

    Section


    Column
    width33%
    • Deep Bore Geothermal
    • Renewable Hydrogen
    • Carbon Capture and Sequestration


    Column
    width33%
    Expand
    titlelearn more

    High temperature renewable resources are limited and face hurdles:

    • Biomethane
    • Electric Boilers
    • High-temperature thermal storage
    Section
    Column
    width33%
    • Deep Bore Geothermal
    • Renewable Hydrogen
    • Carbon Capture and Sequestration
    Column
    width33%


    Column
    width33%
    • Hight-temperature industrial heat pumps
    • Waste Heat Capture and Reuse
    • Fission





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    Utility Capacity Limitations:

    Expand
    titleBuilding Electric Capacity Upgrades


    Column
    width50%
    • Electric riser capacity
    • Switchgear expansion
    • New service/vault expansion/point-of-entry space constraints
    Expand
    titlelearn more

    Utility Capacity Limitations:

    Expand
    titlelearn more

    Building Electric Capacity Upgrades

    section


    Column
    width50%
    • Capacity competition with other electrification needs:
      • Space
    Heat
      • heat and
    Cooling
      • cooling
      • DHW
      • Cooking
      • Pumps and
    Motors
      • motors
    column



    width Riser
  • Excess Distribution Facility Charges (EDF)
    • Contributions
    • in Aid of Construction (CIAC)
    Expand
    title
    		50%
    Local Network Electric
    Capacity Upgrades
    • Excess Distribution Facility Charges (EDF)
    • Contributions
  • Switchgear Expansion
  • New Service/Vault Expansion/Point-of-Entry Space Constraints

    • Local Network Electric Capacity Upgrades

    Expand
    titlelearn more


    SystemPeak title
    • Partial Electrification concepts achieve deep decarbonization but do
    notnecessarily
    • not necessarily achieve peak gas demand reductions (
    debateable
    • debatable)
    Expand
    titleGas Utility Earnings Adjustment Mechanisms (EAM) focused on
    System Peak Demand Reductions
    Expand
    learn more


    title

    Expand
    titleTotal Connected Loads and Peak Demand drive need for capacity upgrades

    Demand

    capacityupgrades; demand

    reduction strategies do not obviate capacity

    limitationsunless

    limitations unless the utility accepts the solution as a permanent demand/

    loadreduction

    load reduction strategy.

    Expand
    learn more
    Section


    Column
    width33%
    • Battery Storage: 
      • Fire
    Danger
      • danger
      • Space
    ConstraintsElectri Distribution Limitations
      • constraints
      • Electricity distribution limitations
      • Structural
    Loads
      • loads


    Column
    width33%
    • Building Automation/BMS/Demand Response:
      • Cost
      • Integration
    Limitations
      • limitations;
    blackbox
      • Blackbox software
      • Microgrid
    Development
      • development
        1. Cost
        2. Lack of
    Expertise
        1. expertise


    Column
    width33%
    • On-site Generation: 
      • Space
    Constraints
      • constraints
      • Gas
    Use
      • use;
    zero
      • Zero carbon fuels availability is non-existent
      • Structural
    Loads
      • loads
      • Pipe
    Infrastructure
      • infrastructure

    Thermal Storage




    learn more
    Expand
    title
    Thermal Storage


    Section


  • Space Constrains
    • Structural Loads
    Column
    width50%
    • Space constrains
    • Structural loads
    • Technology limitations
    Technology Limitations
    • : 
      • Vacuum insulated storage tanks
      • Phase change material (DHW, space heating)
    Column
    width50%




    hightemperature andheating titleui-step
    Expand
    titleGeothermal (ambient temperature), Deep Bore Geothermal (
    high temperature) or Shared Loop District Energy Systems provide cooling
    and heating with lower peak demand than standard electric equipment
    Expand


    learn more
    Section


    Column
    width25%
    • Building pipe riser limitations; need additional riser capacity:
      • Building water loops are typically “top down” - cooling capacity
    istypically
      • is typically located at rooftop mechanical penthouses; cooling
    towersat
      • towers at roof.
        1. Some exceptions to this rule
      • Space Constraints


    Column
    width25%
    • Drilling Difficulty:
      • Outdoor
    Space Constraints for Geothermal Wells
      • space constraints for geothermal wells
      • Difficult permitting
      • Mud and cuttings disposal
        1. Contaminated soil disposal
      • Overhead
    Clearance Constraints
      • clearance constraints for
    Drilling
      • drilling in
    Basements
      • basements/
    Garages 
      • garages 


    Column
    width25%
    • Shared Loop/Thermal Utility Limitations: 
      • Requires entity that may operate in public ROWs and
    acrossproperty
      • across property lines
      • Utilities are limited by regulations for gas, steam or electric
    deliveryvs.
      • delivery versus shared loop media (ambient temperature water).
        1. Only utility entities can provide very long amortization periods
        2. Utilities are best suited to work amid crowded
    undergroundmunicipal
        1. underground municipal ROWs.


    Column
    width25%
    • Deep Bore Geothermal Limitations:
         Requires
          • Requires test drilling and geological assessment
          • Seismic
        Risk
          • risk
          • Drilling equipment is very large - more akin to oil and
        gasdevelopment
          • gas development equipment
          • Subsurface land rights and DEC restrictions
      UI Steps
      sizesmall

      Barriers to Electrification:




      Building Electric Capacity Upgrades

    • Electric Riser Capacity
    • Switchgear Expansion
    • New Service/Vault Expansion/Point-of-Entry Space Constraints

      • Capacity competition with other electrification needs: 

      Expand
      title
      		learn moreUtility Capacity Limitations:1
      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Space Heat and Cooling
      2. DHW
      3. Cooking
      4. Pumps and Motors
      2

      Local Network Electric Capacity Upgrades

      • Excess Distribution Facility Charges (EDF)
      • Contributions in Aid of Construction (CIAC)
      3

      Gas Utility Earnings Adjustment Mechanisms (EAM) focused on SystemPeak Demand Reductions

      • Partial Electrification concepts achieve deep decarbonization but do notnecessarily achieve peak gas demand reductions (debateable)
      4
      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Fire Danger
      2. Space Constraints
      3. Electri Distribution Limitations
      4. Structural Loads

      Building Automation/BMS/Demand Response: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Cost
      2. Integration Limitations; blackbox software
      3. Microgrid Development
        1. Cost
        2. Lack of Expertise

      On-site Generation: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Space Constraints
      2. Gas Use; zero carbon fuels availability is non-existent
      3. Structural Loads
      4. Pipe Infrastructure
      		5
      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Vacuum insulated storage tanks
      2. Phase change material (DHW, space heating)
      6

      Geothermal (ambient temperature), Deep Bore Geothermal (hightemperature) or Shared Loop District Energy Systems provide cooling andheating with lower peak demand than standard electric equipment

      Building pipe riser limitations; need additional riser capacity: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Building water loops are typically “top down” - cooling capacity istypically located at rooftop mechanical penthouses; cooling towersat roof.
        1. Some exceptions to this rule
      2. Space Constraints

      Drilling Difficulty: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Outdoor Space Constraints for Geothermal Wells
      2. Difficult permitting
      3. Mud and cuttings disposal
        1. Contaminated soil disposal
      4. Overhead Clearance Constraints for Drilling in Basements/Garages

      Shared Loop/Thermal Utility Limitations: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Requires entity that may operate in public ROWs and acrossproperty lines
      2. Utilities are limited by regulations for gas, steam or electric deliveryvs. shared loop media (ambient temperature water).
        1. Only utility entities can provide very long amortization periods
        2. Utilities are best suited to work amid crowded undergroundmunicipal ROWs.

      Deep Bore Geothermal Limitations: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Requires test drilling and geological assessment
      2. Seismic Risk
      3. Drilling equipment is very large - more akin to oil and gasdevelopment equipment
      4. Subsurface land rights and DEC restrictions
      7

      Other Energy Efficiency/Conservation Measures with proven/attractiveeconomics (these measures are limited by lack of capital or knowledge)

      • Lighting with Lighting Controls
      • High-efficiency electrically commutated motors (ECM)
      • Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) on pumps and motors
      • Retrocommissioning Tasks and Maintenance
      8

      Behavioral Modification

    • Staggered Work Scheduling
    • Telework

      • Submetering and Billing: potentially creates split incentive betweenlandlord and tenant: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Water
      2. Electric
        1. Onerous regulatory compliance
      3. Heat and Cooling
        1. Rent stabilized builidings prohibit biling for heat
      Aura - Tab
      titleFacade and Windows
      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      Work must be completed at the end of facade/window useful life; very long usefullife

      UI Step

      Building Code

      UI Step

      Glazing Reduction at odds with aesthetic/marketability concerns

      UI Step

      Difficult installing with occupied spaces

      UI Step

      Reduce Local Law 11 recurring cost via overcladding

      • Aesthetic Concerns
      • At odds with historic preservation
      • Capital intensive
      • Lot Line Limitations
      UI Step
      Other Energy Efficiency/Conservation Measures with proven/attractive economics (these measures are limited by lack of capital or knowledge)
      • Lighting with lighting controls
      • High-efficiency electrically commutated motors (ECM)
      • Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) on pumps and motors
      • Retro-commissioning tasks and maintenance


      Expand
      titleBehavioral Modification
      • Staggered work scheduling
      • Telework

      • Submetering and billing: potentially creates split incentive between landlord and tenant: 

        • Water
        • Electric
          1. Onerous regulatory compliance
        • Heat and Cooling
          1. Rent stabilized buildings prohibit billing for heat





      Aura - Tab
      titleFacade and Windows


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      titleFacade and Windows



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Work must be completed at the end of facade/window useful life; very long useful life


      UI Step

      Building code


      UI Step

      Glazing reduction at odds with aesthetic/marketability concerns


      UI Step

      Difficult installing with occupied spaces


      UI Step

      Reduce Local Law 11 recurring cost via overcladding

      • Aesthetic concerns
      • At odds with historic preservation
      • Capital intensive
      • Lot line limitations


      UI Step

      Technology Limitations

      • Need higher R-value/inch for thinner wall assembly:

        • Vacuum insulated panels

        • Aerogel panels/batts

        • Zero-GWP blowing agents for closed cell spray foam (nitrogen blowing agent needs to be more widely adopted)




      Aura - Tab
      titleVentilation


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
      titleColor#ffffff
      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
      borderStylenone
      titleVentilation



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV)

      • Space constraints
      • System tie-in point accessibility/feasibility


      UI Step

      Rooftop Supply Air (Reznor) Unit Alternatives

      • Heat pump alternatives to eliminate resistance heat
      • Combine with ERV


      UI Step

      HVAC Load Reduction (HLR) Technology

      • Vent or capture exhaust gases
      • Space constraints
      • System tie-in point accessibility/feasibility


      UI Step

      Central vs. Decentralized Ventilation Systems


      UI Step

      Direct Outside Air System (DOAS)

      • Modular perimeter ducted air heat pumps: 

        • Competition for leasable space
        • Space constraints


      UI Step

      Ventilation Points-of-Entry

      • Aesthetic concerns
      • Lot line facades/building setbacks
      • Competition with leasable space
      • Space constraints




      Aura - Tab
      titleHeat Pump Limitations


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
      titleColor#ffffff
      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
      borderStylenone
      titleHeat Pump Limitations



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

      • Fire and life safety concerns about volume of refrigerant gas located within occupied spaces.


      UI Step

      Regulatory risk from new refrigerant policies


      UI Step

      PTAC and VTAC


      UI Step

      Ducted Supply/Exhaust Air Source Heat Pumps


      UI Step

      Domestic Hot Water

      • Central DHW Systems: 

        • Limited domestic production

        • Performance not confirmed by independent third parties

        • More demonstration projects needed
      • Decentralized DHW Systems


      UI Step

      More open-source interconnection between devices/interoperability is needed to achieve energy distribution flexibility and capacity expansion:

      • Air source that has a manifold connection to interconnect with water source or refrigerant gas distribution
      • Interconnectivity/simplified heat exchange between refrigerants/water/air, etc.
      • Other options and add-ons




      Aura - Tab
      titleCrossover Device or “Magic Box” Technology


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
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      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
      borderStylenone
      titleCrossover Device or “Magic Box” Technology



      Info

      Multi-purpose technology for heating, cooling, heat exchange and ventilation, filtration, and/or domestic hot water


      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Domestic production and supply chain is limited


      UI Step

      Small players operating in this space


      UI Step

      Technology is not tested over long operational periods

      • Daikin, Nilan, Zehnder, Drexel und Weiss, Minotair, Build Equinox, Clivet




      Aura - Tab
      titleZero Carbon Fuels Limitations


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
      titleColor#ffffff
      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
      borderStylenone
      titleZero Carbon Fuel Limitations



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Green Hydrogen


      UI Step

      Renewable Natural Gas




      Aura - Tab
      titleLow-Carbon Fuels


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
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      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
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      titleLow-Carbon Fuels



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Biofuel


      UI Step

      Biomethane




      Technology Limitations

      Need higher R-value/inch for thinner wall assemblie: 

      Aura - Tab
      titleRenewable Energy Procurement Limitations


      Panel
      borderColor#002D72
      bgColor#F3F4F9
      titleColor#ffffff
      borderWidth1
      titleBGColor#002D72
      borderStylenone
      titleRenewable Energy Procurement Limitations
      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Vacuum insulated panels
      2. Aerogel panels/batts
      3. Zero-GWP blowing agents for closed cell spray foam (nitrogen blowingagent needs to be more widely adopted)
      Aura - Tab
      titleVentilation
      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV)

      • Space Constraints
      • System Tie-in point accessibility/feasibility
      UI Step

      Rooftop Supply Air (Reznor) Unit Alternatives

      • Heat Pump Alternatives to eliminate resistance heat
      • Combine with ERV
      UI Step

      HVAC Load Reduction (HLR) Technology

      • Vent or Capture Exhaust Gases
      • Space Constraints
      • System Tie-in point accessibility/feasibility
      UI Step

      Central vs. Decentralized Ventilation Systems

      UI Step

      Direct Outside Air System (DOAS)

      Modular Perimeter Ducted Air Heat Pumps: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Competition for Leasable Space
      2. Space Constraints
      UI Step

      Ventilation Points-of-Entry

      • Aesthetic Concerns
      • Lot Line Facades/Building Setbacks
      • Competition with Leasable Space
      • Space Constraints
      Aura - Tab
      titleHeat Pump Limitations
      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

      • Fire and Life Safety concerns over volume of refrigerant gas located withinoccupied spaces.
      UI Step

      Regulatory Risk from new refrigerant policies

      UI Step

      PTAC and VTAC

      UI Step

      Ducted Supply/Exhaust Air Source Heat Pumps

      UI Step

      Domestic Hot Water

      Central DHW Systems: 

      Expand
      titlelearn more
      1. Limited domestic production

      2. Performance not confirmed by independent third-parties

      3. More demonstration projects needed
    • Decentralized DHW Systems
      • UI Step

      More open source interconnection between devices/interoperability is needed toachieve energy distribution flexibility and capacity expansion:

      • air source that has a manifold connection to interconnect with water source orrefrigerant gas distribution
      • interconnectivity/simplified heat exchange between refrigerants/water/air, etc.
      • Other optionality and add-ons
      Aura - Tab
      titleCrossover Device or “Magic Box”Technology
      Info

      multi-purpose technology for heating, cooling, heat exchange and ventilation, filtration,and/or domestic hot water

      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      Domestic production and supply chain is limited

      UI Step

      Small players operating in this space

      UI Step

      Technology is not tested over long operational periods

      • Daikin, Nilan, Zehnder, Drexel und Weiss, Minotair, Build Equinox, Clivet
      Aura - Tab
      titleZero Carbon Fuels Limitations
      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      Green Hydrogen

      UI Step

      Renewable Natural Gas

      Aura - TabtitleLow-carbon Fuels



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Biofuel

      REC Purchasing

      • NYSERDA monopolizes REC purchasing from renewable energy projects
      UI Step
      Biomethane




      Aura - Tab
      titleNYS-focused Carbon Offset MarketLimitations
      Aura - Tab
      titleRenewable Energy Procurement Limitations
      UI Steps
      sizesmall
      UI Step

      REC Purchasing

      • NYSERDA monopolizes REC purchasing from renewable energy projects
      Pending Carbon Trading Programs Limitations


      Panel
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      bgColor#F3F4F9
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      borderStylenone
      aura-tab
      titlePending Carbon Trading
      ProgramsLimitations
      Programs Limitations



      UI Steps
      sizesmall


      UI Step

      Deployment timeline is highly uncertain


      UI Step

      Price per ton of carbon is highly uncertain and will likely be volatile/low based onprevious on previous emissions trading scheme outcomes





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