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Improved engineering design means and methods are needed to enable and speed adoption of low carbon retrofit technologies. High performance, low carbon heating and cooling systems are widely available but are underutilized in the United States due to a variety of misconceptions and a lack of knowledge around thermal system interactions. Few practicing engineers prioritize recycling heat and limiting heat loss. Decarbonization requires upgrading and adapting energy distribution systems originally designed to operate with high temperature combustion to integrate with electric and renewable thermal energy systems. The engineering design industry can use a thinking framework like Resource Efficient Electrification (REE) to deliver projects that achieve more effective decarbonization.  

This framework emerges from the Empire Building Challenge after one year of collaboration among real estate partners, industry-leading engineering consultants, and NYSERDA. REE is a strategy that can help alleviate space constraints, optimize peak thermal capacity, increase operational efficiencies, utilize waste heat, and reduce the need for oversized electric thermal energy systems, creating retrofit cost compression. While REE is tailored to tall buildings in cold climate regions, the framework can be applied across a wide array of building types, vintages and systems. The approach method of building decarbonization incorporates strategic capital planning, an integrated design process, and an incremental, network-oriented approach to deliver building heating, cooling, and ventilation whichthat: 

  • requires Requires limited or no combustion,
  • enables Enables carbon neutrality,
  • is Is highly efficient at low design temperatures and during extreme weather,
  • is Is highly resilient, demand conscious, and energy grid-interactive,
  • reduces Reduces thermal waste by capturing and recycling as many on-site or nearby thermal flows as possible, and
  • incorporates Incorporates realistic and flexible implementation strategies by optimizing and scheduling phase-in of low carbon retrofits phase-incompeting with business-as-usual.



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Too often, building electrification is simplified as replacing the existing fossil fuel burning equipment with the same capacity of air source heat pumps. This one-to-one equipment swap mindset won't deliver decarbonization in tall buildings in dense urban environment for multiple reasons. First, the additional electrical equipment will require costly electrical upgrades not only at the building, but also at the grid level to support the increased capacity. This potentially could create a grid peak in winter time due to our cold climate environment at the same time as Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) is transitioning the New York grid to renewable generation. Building emissions would reduce as a result of the grid transitioning but not significantly due to the increased load. Finally, it is often not physically or economically feasible to do the replacement due to roof/mechanical room space constraint and high construction cost. In addition to replacing the heating equipment, the existing thermal distribution system (hot water baseboards, steam radiators, forced-air system, etc...) will most likely have to be upgraded to be compatible with output temperature of today's heat pump technology, adding to the overall project cost. Cold climate tall building decarbonization requires a whole-systems approach to overcome these challenges. 

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The Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLPCA) enacted in 2019 mandates 100 percent clean generation by 2040 and net zero emissions economy-wide by 2050. Local Law 97 building emissions limits make business as usual too expensive for much of the New York building stock. These aggressive climate policies means that billions of square feet of New York buildings have 28 years to ween off fossil fuel combustion and fossil-fueled steam. For many buildings that translates to roughly one asset replacement cycle, and like-for-like replacements of fossil fuel equipment today will be in violation of CLCPA before the end of their lifetime. Already electric heat pumps can reduce emissions at New York’s average grid emissions rates and compared to fossil fuel alternatives they are a runaway climate favorite over the lifetime of equipment installed today as the grid decarbonizes.

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Resource Efficient Electrification focuses on implementing enabling steps that keeps future optionality as technology and policy evolves. This framework allows the building owner or manager to take action now instead of waiting for better technology and potentially renewing a fossil-fueled powered energy system for another life cycle.

The figure below illustrates a conceptual framework for accomplishing these objectives and overcoming the barriers described

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Misconceptions about Decarbonization

Technical Barriers to Decarbonization

. Specific measures and sequencing will be highly bespoke for a given building, but engineers and their owner clients can use this bucketed framework to place actionable projects in context of an overarching decarbonization roadmap.



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A Step-by-Step Process to Use REE to Advise Decarbonization Efforts: 

  1. Understanding a building's fossil fuel use in detail is a critical first step. Make an effort to understand when, where, how and why fossil fuels are being consumed at the building and under what outdoor temperature and weather conditions. Conduct a temperature BINS analysis to know how much fossil fuel is consumed during various temperature bands (typically in 5 or 10 degree increments) from design temperature up to the end of the heating season. Make an effort to understand cooling season usage patterns in detail. Go further and conduct an 8760 hour/year analysis or modeling effort to show building operation profiles with high granularity to advise targeted elimination of fossil fuel consumption.
  2. While electrification is desirable to combat climate change, energy efficiency is just as important than ever. Reducing heating and cooling loads across all weather conditions is a major early step to achieve REE. 
  3. Draw a theoretical box around your building and identify the ways heat is being gained or lost. Hint: some places to look at are cooling towers, facades and windows, elevator machine rooms, through your sewer connection, or at your ventilation exhaust system. Cooling towers operating in the winter are an obvious energy wasting activity. Seek solutions to reduce, recover, and recycle or reuse, and store this heat. 
  4. After, or in parallel with the previous steps, begin to electrify the building heat load, starting with marginal "shoulder season" loads (spring and fall). Don't force electric heating technology such as air source heat pumps to operate during conditions for which they weren't designed. Optimize heat pump implementation through a "right sizing" thermal dispatch approach to avoid poor project economics and higher operating expense. This means you will continue to retain an auxiliary heating source for more extreme weather conditions until you are ready to fully eliminate fossil fuels from your building and before your targeted decarbonization date. This approach gives you time to identify the right peak period heating solution while allowing you to take action early and drive down emissions. Emissions reduced sooner are more valuable than emissions reduced in the future (learn more about the time value of carbon emissions here). 
  5. Remove your fossil fuel connection and meet your decarbonization deadline! 


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titleTake Actions with these Enabling Steps


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  • Disaggregate time-of-use profiles to identify heat waste and recovery opportunities and to right-size equipment
  • Thermal dispatch strategy: layering heat capacity to optimize carbon reduction and project economics



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Reduce


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  • Repair, upgrade and refresh envelopes
  • Optimize controls



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  • Eliminate or reduce inefficient steam and forced air distribution
  • Create thermal networks and enable heat recovery
  • Lower supply temperatures to ranges of optimal heat pump performance
  • Segregate and cascade supply temperatures based on end-use



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  • Simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones of building
  • Eliminate “free cooling” economizer modes
  • Exhaust heat recovery; absorbent air cleaning
  • Building wastewater heat recovery
  • Municipal wastewater heat recovery
  • Steam condensate
  • Refrigeration heat rejection
  • Other opportunistic heat recovery and heat networking



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  • Store rejected heat from daytime cooling for overnight heating
  • Store generated heat— centrally, distributed, or in the building’s thermal inertia
  • Deploy advanced urban geothermal and other district thermal networking solutions
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The figure below illustrates a conceptual framework for accomplishing these objectives and overcoming the barriers described in a previous pages. Specific measures and sequencing will be highly bespoke for a given building, but engineers and their owner clients can use this bucketed framework to place actionable projects in context of an overarching decarbonization roadmap:

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titlelearn moreCommercial Office


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Review

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  • Disaggregate time-of-use profiles to identify heat waste and recovery opportunities and to right-size equipment.
Section
Column
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Reduce

Column
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  • Repair, upgrade and refresh envelopes.
  • Optimize controls.
Section
Column
width20%

Reconfigure

Column
width80%
  • Eliminate or reduce inefficient steam and forced air distribution.
  • Create thermal networks and enable heat recovery.
  • Lower supply temperatures to ranges of optimal heat pump performance. • Segregate and cascade supply temperatures based on end-use.
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Column
width20%

Recover

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  • Simultaneous heating & cooling in different zones of building • Eliminate “free cooling” economizer modes
  • Exhaust heat recovery; absorbent air cleaning
  • Building wastewater heat recovery
  • Municipal wastewater heat recovery
  • Steam condensate
  • Refrigeration heat rejection.
  • Other opportunistic heat recovery and heat networking.
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Column
width20%

Store

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  • Store rejected heat from daytime cooling, for overnight heating.
  • Store generated heat— centrally, distributed, or in the building’s thermal inertia.
    • Deploy advanced urban geothermal and other district thermal networking solutions.

    Commercial office buildings offer significant heat recovery and storing opportunities due to simultaneous heating and cooling daily profiles. As a result, offices can heat themselves much of the year with heat recovery and storage.

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    Expand
    titleMultifamily

    Multifamily buildings typical daily profiles show efficiency opportunities that can lower and flatten system peaks. This can be achieved by a variety of heat reduction, recovery, and storing strategies​.

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    titleThermal Distribution Opportunities

    The thermal energy network approach enables transaction of thermal energy to increase overall system efficiency and reduce wasted heat. The concept can be applied at the building level (with floor-by-floor heat exchange), to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, or to cities. Below is an illustration of a whole-system, thermal network approach applied in an urban environment to supply clean heat in cold-climate tall buildings:​

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