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Empire Building Challenge retrofit projects are expected to be transformative beyond traditional energy efficiency improvements, focusing . These projects focus on shifting thermal loads from fossil fuels to electric , and/or constitute enabling work that prepares building(s) for future electrification, such as projects that reduce thermal loads and thermal and electric peaks.

The Challenge is looking to advance three major technology focus areas:

Integrating advance advanced thermal storage technologies into buildings, providing grid interactivity, and feeding electrified thermal energy systems (e.g., heat pumps) is key to fully decarbonizing our building stock. New Emerging thermal storage technologies are emerging which alleviate space constraints constraint issues, provide peak thermal capacity, optimize operational efficiencies, utilize waste heat, and reduce the need for oversized electrified thermal energy systems creating , which creates retrofit cost compression.

New engineering design means and methods are needed to enable and speed the adoption of low carbon retrofit technologies. Decarbonization requires adapting distribution designed for legacy thermal supply— whether steam, hot water, forced air, or unitary— to systems with a carbon-free heat. New design strategies are emerging which that can also alleviate space constraints constraint issues, provide peak thermal capacity, optimize operational efficiencies, utilize waste heat, and reduce the need for oversized electrified thermal energy systems creating , which creates retrofit cost compression. Interventions must be minimally intrusive to tenants and , scalable for portfolio owners, and continuously functioning continuously y in a phased decarbonization plan. A variety of technological solutions demonstrate promise: hydronic distribution; exterior/envelope integration; reusing/modifying existing thermal, sanitary, fire suppression, and other distribution systems; and integration with thermal storage.

Heat pump technology is rapidly evolving rapidly. Advanced heat pumps are available in European and Asian markets that are not yet available for widespread use in the United States are available in European and Asian markets, and technology is emerging to maintain capacity and efficiency in cold climates. A significant need exists for various format heat pumps (e.g., water-water, water-air, air-water, etc.) to allow for phased decarbonization, waste heat recovery, thermal storage optimization, retention of existing thermal distribution systems, and retrofits of a large office or residential building heating plants to significantly reduce or eliminate on-site fossil fuel consumption.

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