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title | Decentralized Systems and Tenant Equipment |
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Access to Occupied Spaces. |
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Regulatory Limitations - Rent Stabilized Apartments - The building owner is required to provide free heat and hot water.
- No mechanism to recover investment in new systems is necessary to achieve decarbonization.
- Buildings are capital constrained
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Split Incentives (tenants pays for energy). |
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Aura - Tab |
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Aura - Panel |
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tab | 1 |
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styles | {"body":{"text":{"color":"#465671","textAlign":"left","fontWeight":"normal","fontSize":14}},"header":{"backgroundColor":{"color":"#ffffff"}},"headline":{"alignment":{"horizontal":"start"},"text":{"text":"Con Edison Steam: assume district steam system will decarbonize","color":"#002d72","textAlign":"left","fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":26}},"base":{"backgroundColor":{"color":"#ffffff"},"borderRadius":{"radius":4},"boxShadow":{"shadows":[{"color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08)","x":0,"y":1,"blur":1,"spread":0},{"color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16)","x":0,"y":1,"blur":3,"spread":1}]}}} |
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body | <p><br /></p> |
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| High temperature renewable resources are limited and face hurdles: Section |
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| - Deep Bore Geothermal
- Renewable Hydrogen
- Carbon Capture and Sequestration
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| - Biomethane
- Electric Boilers
- High-temperature thermal storage
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| - Hight-temperature industrial heat pumps
- Waste Heat Capture and Reuse
- Fission
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styles | {"body":{"text":{"color":"#465671","textAlign":"left","fontWeight":"normal","fontSize":14}},"header":{"backgroundColor":{"color":"#ffffff"}},"headline":{"alignment":{"horizontal":"start"},"text":{"text":"Barriers to Electrification:","color":"#002d72","textAlign":"left","fontWeight":"bold","fontSize":26}},"base":{"backgroundColor":{"color":"#ffffff"},"borderRadius":{"radius":4},"boxShadow":{"shadows":[{"color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08)","x":0,"y":1,"blur":1,"spread":0},{"color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16)","x":0,"y":1,"blur":3,"spread":1}]}}} |
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body | <p><br /></p> |
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| Utility Capacity Limitations Limitations: Expand |
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title | Building Electric Capacity Upgrades |
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| - Electric Riser Capacity
- Switchgear Expansion
- New Service/Vault Expansion/Point-of-Entry Space Constraints
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| - Capacity competition with other electrification needs:
- Space Heat and Cooling
- DHW
- Cooking
- Pumps and Motors
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| | Electric Riser CapacitySwitchgear ExpansionNew Service/Vault Expansion/Point-of-Entry Space Constraints
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title | Local Network Electric Capacity Upgrades |
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| - Excess Distribution Facility Charges (EDF)
- Contributions in Aid of Construction (CIAC)
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title | Gas Utility Earnings Adjustment Mechanisms (EAM) focused on System Peak Demand Reductions |
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| - Partial Electrification concepts achieve deep decarbonization but do not necessarily achieve peak gas demand reductions (debatable)
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title | Total Connected Loads and Peak Demand drive need for capacity upgrades |
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| Demand reduction strategies do not obviate capacity limitations unless the utility accepts the solution as a permanent demand/load reduction strategy. Section |
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| - Battery Storage:
- Fire Danger
- Space Constraints
- Electricity Distribution Limitations
- Structural Loads
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| - Building Automation/BMS/Demand Response:
- Cost
- Integration Limitations; blackbox software
- Microgrid Development
- Cost
- Lack of Expertise
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| - On-site Generation:
- Space Constraints
- Gas Use; zero carbon fuels availability is non-existent
- Structural Loads
- Pipe Infrastructure
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| - Space Constrains
- Structural Loads
- Technology Limitations:
- Vacuum insulated storage tanks
- Phase change material (DHW, space heating)
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title | Geothermal (ambient temperature), Deep Bore Geothermal (high temperature) or Shared Loop District Energy Systems provide cooling and heating with lower peak demand than standard electric equipment |
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| - Building pipe riser limitations; need additional riser capacity:
- Building water loops are typically “top down” - cooling capacity istypically located at rooftop mechanical penthouses; cooling towersat roof.
- Some exceptions to this rule
- Space Constraints
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| - Drilling Difficulty:
- Outdoor Space Constraints for Geothermal Wells
- Difficult permitting
- Mud and cuttings disposal
- Contaminated soil disposal
- Overhead Clearance Constraints for Drilling in Basements/Garages
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| - Shared Loop/Thermal Utility Limitations:
- Requires entity that may operate in public ROWs and across property lines
- Utilities are limited by regulations for gas, steam or electric delivery vs. shared loop media (ambient temperature water).
- Only utility entities can provide very long amortization periods
- Utilities are best suited to work amid crowded underground municipal ROWs.
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| - Deep Bore Geothermal Limitations:
- Requires test drilling and geological assessment
- Seismic Risk
- Drilling equipment is very large - more akin to oil and gas development equipment
- Subsurface land rights and DEC restrictions
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title | Other Energy Efficiency/Conservation Measures with proven/attractive economics (these measures are limited by lack of capital or knowledge) |
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| - Lighting with Lighting Controls
- High-efficiency electrically commutated motors (ECM)
- Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) on pumps and motors
- Retro-commissioning Tasks and Maintenance
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title | Behavioral Modification |
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Work must be completed at the end of facade/window useful life; very long useful life |
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Glazing Reduction at odds with aesthetic/marketability concerns |
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Difficult installing with occupied spaces |
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Reduce Local Law 11 recurring cost via overcladding - Aesthetic Concerns
- At odds with historic preservation
- Capital intensive
- Lot Line Limitations
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Technology Limitations |
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Aura - Tab |
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Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) - Space Constraints
- System Tie-in point accessibility/feasibility
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Rooftop Supply Air (Reznor) Unit Alternatives - Heat Pump Alternatives to eliminate resistance heat
- Combine with ERV
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HVAC Load Reduction (HLR) Technology - Vent or Capture Exhaust Gases
- Space Constraints
- System Tie-in point accessibility/feasibility
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Central vs. Decentralized Ventilation Systems |
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Direct Outside Air System (DOAS) |
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Ventilation Points-of-Entry - Aesthetic Concerns
- Lot Line Facades/Building Setbacks
- Competition with Leasable Space
- Space Constraints
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Aura - Tab |
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title | Heat Pump Limitations |
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Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - Fire and Life Safety concerns over volume of refrigerant gas located within occupied spaces.
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Regulatory Risk from new refrigerant policies |
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Ducted Supply/Exhaust Air Source Heat Pumps |
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Domestic Hot Water Central DHW Systems: - Decentralized DHW Systems
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More open source interconnection between devices/interoperability is needed to achieve energy distribution flexibility and capacity expansion: - air source that has a manifold connection to interconnect with water source or refrigerant gas distribution
- interconnectivity/simplified heat exchange between refrigerants/water/air, etc.
- Other optionality and add-ons
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Aura - Tab |
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title | Crossover Device or “Magic Box”Technology |
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multi-purpose technology for heating, cooling, heat exchange and ventilation, filtration, and/or domestic hot water |
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Domestic production and supply chain is limited |
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Small players operating in this space |
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Technology is not tested over long operational periods - Daikin, Nilan, Zehnder, Drexel und Weiss, Minotair, Build Equinox, Clivet
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Aura - Tab |
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title | Zero Carbon Fuels Limitations |
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Renewable Natural Gas |
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Aura - Tab |
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title | NYS-focused Carbon Offset MarketLimitations |
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Aura - Tab |
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title | Renewable Energy Procurement Limitations |
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REC Purchasing - NYSERDA monopolizes REC purchasing from renewable energy projects
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Aura - Tab |
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title | Pending Carbon Trading ProgramsLimitations |
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Deployment timeline is highly uncertain |
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Price per ton of carbon is highly uncertain and will likely be volatile/low based on previous emissions trading scheme outcomes |
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