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The Resource Efficient Electrification (REE) method of building decarbonization incorporates strategic capital planning, an integrated design process, and an incremental, network-oriented approach to deliver building heating, cooling, and ventilation which:

requires limited or no combustion,
enables carbon neutrality,
is highly efficient at low design temperatures and during extreme weather,
is highly resilient, demand conscious, and energy grid-interactive,
reduces thermal waste by capturing as many on-site or nearby thermal flows as possible, and
incorporates realistic and flexible implementation strategies by optimizing and scheduling low carbon retrofits phase-in.

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Tall building Decarbonization requires a whole-systems approach to overcome barriers

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Efficient heat pumps reduce CO2 in tall buildings. Electric resistance and inefficient heat pump operation may not today.

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The figure below illustrates a conceptual framework for accomplishing these objectives and overcoming the

mental traps

barriers described in a previous

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pages. Specific measures and sequencing will be highly bespoke for a given building, but engineers and their owner clients can use this bucketed

“RRRR/R”

framework to place actionable projects in context of an overarching decarbonization roadmap:

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Disaggregate time-of-use profiles to identify heat waste and recovery opportunities and to right-size equipment.

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Loads, with envelope improvements and advanced controls.
The use of steam-fed radiators and forced air by moving to hydronic and/or distributed systems.
Supply temperatures to ranges of optimal heat pump performance.

Recover

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Store heat where necessary.

Eliminate "economizer" waste. Rejecting heat is wasting energy.

Identify simultaneous or correlated heating & cooling opportunities within daily load profiles to create a thermal network

include other creative and opportunistic heat sources such as steam condensate return, ventilation exhaust, or data centers

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Repair, upgrade and refresh envelopes.
Optimize controls.

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Fossil combustion equipment with the appropriate heat pump technology(ies), to the degree techno-economically feasible, with emphasis on efficiently meeting the bulk of the building’s annual load.

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Not just 1:1 swap! REDUCE & RECOVER first, then size heat pumps to top-off the remaining heat/cool imbalance on a thermal network.

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Peak condition challenges don’t have to prevent partial electrification and electrification enabling decisions today

Give separate consideration to challenging loads, extreme conditions

Retaining resilience & optionality in the transition

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Auxiliary heat supply to meet the most challenging load conditions as the need is fully understood and technically, economically and environmentally resilient.

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Eliminate or reduce inefficient steam and forced air distribution.
Create thermal networks and enable heat recovery.
Lower supply temperatures to ranges of optimal heat pump performance. • Segregate and cascade supply temperatures based on end-use.

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Recover

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Simultaneous heating & cooling in different zones of building • Eliminate “free cooling” economizer modes
Exhaust heat recovery; absorbent air cleaning
Building wastewater heat recovery
Municipal wastewater heat recovery
Steam condensate
Refrigeration heat rejection.
Other opportunistic heat recovery and heat networking.

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Store

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Store rejected heat from daytime cooling, for overnight heating.
Store generated heat— centrally, distributed, or in the building’s thermal inertia.
Deploy advanced urban geothermal and other district thermal networking solutions

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Redundant fossil heat capacity proven to be no longer necessary

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